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\title{The Chinese Lexical Database ({\sc CLD})}


\abstract{We present the Chinese Lexical Database {\sc cld} $2.1$. The {\sc cld} $2.1$ 
is an extended version of the Chinese Lexical Database $1.0$. The CLD is a large-scale 
lexical database for Mandarin Chinese that provides over $260$ descriptive and 
lexical-distributional variables for more than $48,644$ words in 
simplified Chinese. The information in the {\sc cld} $2.1$ can be used for the construction of 
experimental stimuli and the analysis of experimental data in psycholinguistic research 
on simplified Chinese. The {\sc cld} can be downloaded for free, and an online 
search interface is provided at \url{http://www.chineselexicaldatabase.com}.\\

\textbf{Keywords:} lexical database, Mandarin Chinese, simplified Chinese, Chinese Lexical Database, CLD\vspace{-20pt}\\}

\shorttitle{CLD}

\rightheader{Chinese Lexical Database}
\leftheader{Sun (2016)}

\author{Ching Chu Sun}

\fouraffiliations{University of T\"{u}bingen, Germany}
\IfFileExists{upquote.sty}{\usepackage{upquote}}{}
\begin{document}
\maketitle

\section{Introduction}

Lexical databases are a valuable research tool for psycholinguistic research. They  
provide researchers with descriptive and lexical-distributional information about a 
large number of words in a language. This information can be used to efficient 
construction of experimental stimuli, as well as for a thorough analysis of experimental 
data. Furthermore, patterns of results for existing data sets can be directly compared 
through a re-analysis using the predictors in the database.

Large-scale lexical databases have been released for a number of languages in the last 
decades. Lexical databases are now available for most well-studied languages, including 
English \shortcite<see, e.g.,>{Balota:etal2007b,MRCdat,Keuleers:2012,Baayen:CD95}, 
German \shortcite<see, e.g.,>{Heister:2011,Baayen:CD95},
French \shortcite<see, e.g.>{New:2001,New:2004,New:2007,Ferrand:2010}, 
and Dutch \shortcite{Brysbaert:2015,Baayen:CD95}. However, for less-studied languages, 
relatively few lexical resources have been developed.

For Mandarin Chinese, a few databases with lexical information exist. Taiwan Sinica, 
for instance, constructed a lexical database of with $12$ numerical predictors for $3,314$ 
commonly used characters. For simplified Chinese, at least two lexical resources 
currently exist. \shortciteA{PingLi:2007} provide $15$ lexical variables for  
$2,423$ characters that can be used as independent words, whereas 
\shortciteA{Cai:Brysbaert:2010} released character frequencies and word frequencies 
based on a large collection of subtitles from movies. Nonetheless, compared to the resources 
available for other languages these databases are limited in size.  
The Chinese Lexical Database ({\sc cld}) is the largest lexical resource for 
simplified Chinese. Here, we present version $2.1$ of the {\sc cld}.

\section{The Chinese Lexical Database ({\sc cld})}

Below, we briefly introduce version $2.1$ of the Chinese Lexical Database ({\sc cld}). 
For a comprehensive description of the {\sc cld}, the interested reader is referred to 
\shortciteA{Sun:Hendrix:Ma:Baayen:2018}. The Chinese Lexical Database ({\sc cld}) contains 
$4,895$ unique characters. In Mandarin Chinese, not all characters can be used as words. 
Therefore, the Chinese Lexical Database 2.1 ({\sc cld}) 
$2.1$ contains lexical information for $3,913$ one-character words, $34,233$ two-character words,
$7,143$ three-character words, and $3,355$ four-character words, in simplified Chinese. 
The number of words in the {\sc cld} $2.1$ is substantially larger than the number of words 
in existing resources for Chinese.

The {\sc cld} contains a wealth of lexical information. 
A large number of categorical variables provide information about the 
characters in a word, pronunciations, Pinyin transcriptions (a translation of characters 
into a romanized form based on pronunciations), tones, character types and structures, 
and phonetic and semantic radicals.

Numerical predictors in the {\sc cld} describe lexical-distributional properties of 
characters and words, and were calculated on the basis of the Leiden Weibo Corpus
\shortcite{Esch:2012} and {\sc subtlex-ch} \shortcite{Cai:Brysbaert:2010}. 
Numerical predictors in the {\sc cld} include measures of the orthographic and phonological
frequency of words, characters, radicals and phonemes, as well as measures of the visual 
complexity of words and characters at various grain sizes. Orthographic and phonological 
neighborhood characteristics are included as well, as are lexical variables that describe
the orthography-to-phonology consistency of characters and phonetic radicals. Finally, 
the {\sc cld} provides a number of information-theoretic measures that describe combinatorial 
properties of characters. \shortciteA{Sun:2016} and \shortciteA{Sun:Hendrix:Ma:Baayen:2018} documented the 
importance of such measures for understanding language processing in the lexical decision 
and word naming tasks.

The {\sc cld} is released under the {\sc gnu} General Public License. A database 
dump is freely available with this publication in \texttt{.txt} format. Downloads of 
the {\sc cld} in other formats, as well as an online search interface are 
available at \url{http://www.chineselexicaldatabase.com}. The online 
search interface allows users to view subsets of the words and lexical variables in 
the {\sc cld}, and to receive the result of search queries by e-mail. Future 
versions of the {\sc cld} will be released under a new handle in the online repository of 
the University of T{\"u}bingen, as well as on \url{http://www.chineselexicaldatabase.com}.\vspace{20pt}


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