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\title{The Chinese Lexical Database ({\sc CLD})}


\abstract{We present the Chinese Lexical Database {\sc cld}. The {\sc cld} is a 
new large-scale lexical database for Mandarin Chinese that provides over $150$ 
descriptive and lexical-distributional variables for more than $30,000$ words in 
simplified Chinese. The information in the {\sc cld} can be used for the construction of 
experimental stimuli and the analysis of experimental data in psycholinguistic research 
on simplified Chinese. The {\sc cld} can be downloaded for free, and an online 
search interface is provided at \url{http://www.chineselexicaldatabase.com}.\\

\textbf{Keywords:} lexical database, Mandarin Chinese, simplified Chinese, Chinese Lexical Database, CLD\vspace{-20pt}\\}

\shorttitle{CLD}

\rightheader{Chinese Lexical Database}
\leftheader{Sun (2016)}

\author{Ching Chu Sun}

\fouraffiliations{University of T\"{u}bingen, Germany}
\IfFileExists{upquote.sty}{\usepackage{upquote}}{}
\begin{document}
\maketitle

\section{Introduction}

Lexical databases are a valuable research tool for psycholinguistic research. They  
provide researchers with descriptive and lexical-distributional information about a 
large number of words in a language. This information can be used to efficient 
construction of experimental stimuli, as well as for a thorough analysis of experimental 
data. Furthermore, patterns of results for existing data sets can be directly compared 
through a re-analysis using the predictors in the database.

Large-scale lexical databases have been released for a number of languages in the last 
decades. Lexical databases are now available for most well-studied languages, including 
English \shortcite<see, e.g.,>{Balota:etal2007b,MRCdat,Keuleers:2012,Baayen:CD95}, 
German \shortcite<see, e.g.,>{Heister:2011,Baayen:CD95},
French \shortcite<see, e.g.>{New:2001,New:2004,New:2007,Ferrand:2010}, 
and Dutch \shortcite{Brysbaert:2015,Baayen:CD95}. However, for less-studied languages, 
relatively few lexical resources have been developed.

For Mandarin Chinese, a few databases with lexical information exist. Taiwan Sinica, 
for instance, constructed a lexical database of with $12$ numerical predictors for $3,300$ 
commonly used characters. For simplified Chinese, at least two lexical resources 
currently exist. \shortciteA{PingLi:2007} provide $15$ lexical variables for nearly 
$2,500$ characters that can be used as independent words, whereas 
\shortciteA{Cai:Brysbaert:2010} released character frequencies and word frequencies 
based on a large collection of subtitles from movies. Nonetheless, compared to the resources 
available for other languages these databases are limited in size. Here, we present 
the Chinese Lexical Database ({\sc CLD}), a new large-scale lexical resource for 
simplified Chinese.

\section{The Chinese Lexical Database ({\sc cld})}

Below, we briefly introduce the Chinese Lexical Database ({\sc cld}). For a 
comprehensive description of the {\sc cld}, the interested reader is referred to 
\shortciteA{Sun:2016}. The Chinese Lexical Database ({\sc cld}) contains lexical 
information for $30,645$ one-character and two-character words in simplified Chinese. 
The number of unique characters in these words is $5,242$. Not all characters can be 
used as words. Therefore, the total number of one-character words in the {\sc cld} 
is $4,710$, whereas the total number of two-character words is $25,935$. As such, the 
number of words in the {\sc cld} is substantially larger than the number of words 
in existing resources for Chinese.

The {\sc cld} contains a wealth of lexical information about each of the $30,645$ it 
contains. In total, $23$ categorical variables and $141$ numerical variables are 
available for each word. The categorical variables provide information about the 
characters in a word, pronunciations, Pinyin transcriptions (a translation of characters 
into a romanized form based on pronunciations), tones, character types and structures, 
and phonetic and semantic radicals.

The numerical predictors in the {\sc cld} describe 
lexical-distributional properties of characters and words, and were calculated 
on the basis of the {\sc scc}o{\sc w} \shortcite{Shaoul:2016}: a corpus of webpages in 
simplified Chinese that consists of over $450$ million words and $750$ million characters.
Numerical predictors in the {\sc cld} include measures of the orthographic and 
phonological frequency of words, characters, radicals and phonemes, as well as 
measures of the visual complexity of words and characters at various grain sizes. 
Orthographic and phonological neighbourhood characteristics are included as well, 
as are lexical variables that describe the orthography-to-phonology consistency of 
characters and phonetic radicals. Finally, the {\sc cld} provides a number of 
information-theoretic measures that describe combinatorial properties of characters. 
\shortciteA{Sun:2016} recently documented the importance of such measures for 
understanding language processing in the word naming task.

The {\sc cld} is released under the {\sc gnu} General Public License. A database 
dump is freely available with this publication in \texttt{.txt} format. Downloads of 
the {\sc cld} in other formats, as well as an online search interface are 
available at \url{http://www.chineselexicaldatabase.com}. The online 
search interface allows users to view subsets of the words and lexical variables in 
the {\sc cld}, and to receive the result of search queries by e-mail. Future 
versions of the {\sc cld} will be released under a new handle in the online repository of 
the University of T{\"u}bingen, as well as on \url{http://www.chineselexicaldatabase.com}.\vspace{20pt}


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